Abstract
This research paper has 2 objectives; 1) to study the suffering in Theravada Buddhist scriptures, and 2) to study the contemplation of suffering according to Paticcasamuppada principle in Vipassana meditation practice by collecting the data from Theravada scriptures, i.e. Tipataka, its commentaries and other connected texts. These data were then brought to be composed, explained in the pattern of description and finally verified by experts.
From the study, the findings were that suffering or Dukkha means the mental state which unable to stay the same being, ever-oppressed due to its formations in every moment, the happiness in the sense of ordinary people in included with Dukkha. This suffering is recognized as problem itself which need to know first then resolution can be prescribed according to Noble Truth. There found various types of suffering depending on its components but in brief it was divided into 2 types; bodily suffering and mental suffering. The both suffering falls into the nature of three common characteristics and mental formations of defilements. Yet the said suffering can be synthesized with other core teachings; 1) Three Common Characteristics (Tilakkhaṇa) have 25 kinds called as Dukkhalakkana, 2) Noble Truth (Ariyasacca) has its 4 characters and 3) Dependent Origination (Paṭiccasamuppāda) composes of 12 factors which are all suffering while the rests of decay and death, i.e. sorrow, lamentations, pains, grief and despair are also obvious suffering but different manners.
The way to observe suffering accordance with principle of Paṭiccasamuppāda for insight meditation practice refers to the investigation on analysis the various types of suffering into being depending factors of name and forms by the absolute truth level then lift it up to the three common characteristics in order to practice insight in respect of 16 insight knowledge and 7 purities. Paṭiccasamuppāda in first existence circle with ignorance rooted is suitable for viewed character, but the second existence circle with craving rooted is suitable for practitioner with much desired character. In practical aspect, suffering observing can be synthesized within four foundations of mindfulness. In beginning it may start from any schemes, not fixed. Even though some practitioner cannot end up all suffering, that is to say entering path and fruit knowledge, but he had yet realized the causes and factors of rise and fall of name and forms or suffering according to Paṭiccasamuppāda through attaining Paccayaparigahañāna. He gained purity because of his resolution of all doubts in the origin of suffering known as a certain destiny called as Culasotāpanna.
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